Method for isolation of soluble polypeptides

ABSTRACT

Polypeptides with desirable biophysical properties such as solubility, stability, high expression, monomericity, binding specificity or non-aggregation, including monomeric human VHs and VLs, are identified using a high throughput method for screening polypeptides, comprising the steps of obtaining a phage display library, allowing infection of a bacterial lawn by the library phage, and identifying phage which form larger than average plaques on the bacterial lawn. Sequences of monomeric human VHs and VLs are identified, which may be useful for immunotherapy or as diagnostic agents. Multimer complexes of human VHs and VLs are also identified. The VHs and VLs identified may be used to create further libraries for identifying additional polypeptides. Further, the VHs and VLs may be subjected to DNA shuffling to select for improved biophysical properties.

This application is a division of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/656,099, which is a division of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/887,113 issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,293,233, which is a 371 of PCT Application No. PCT/CA2006/000451, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/664,954.

The sequence listing is provided herewith in electronic form under the file name 2012_12_(—) 06_sequence_listing.txt, created on Dec. 6, 2012, with a size of 56,279 bytes, and is hereby incorporated by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to the isolation, identification and manipulation of polypeptides, especially monomeric human antibody fragments.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Antibodies in vertebrates are typically composed of paired heavy (H) and light (L) chains. The first domain of the combined H and L chains, the V_(H) and V_(L), are more variable in sequence, and this is the portion of the antibody that recognizes and binds to the antigen. The V_(H) and V_(L) domains recognize the antigen as a pair.

The immune repertoire of camelidae (camels, dromedaries and llamas) is unique in that it possesses unusual types of antibodies referred to as heavy-chain antibodies (Hamers, Casterman C. et al., 1993). These antibodies lack light chains and thus their combining sites consist of one domain, termed V_(H)H.

Recombinant V_(H)H single-domain antibodies (sdAbs) provide several advantages over single-chain Fv (scFv) fragments derived from conventional four-chain antibodies. While sdAbs are comparable to their scFv counterparts in terms of affinity, they outperform scFvs in terms of solubility, stability, resistance to aggregation, refoldability, expression yield, and ease of DNA manipulation, library construction and 3-D structural determinations. Many of the aforementioned properties of V_(H)H sdAbs are desired in applications involving antibodies.

However, the non-human nature of V_(H)Hs limits their use in human immunotherapy due to immunogenicity. In this respect, human V_(H) and V_(L) sdAbs are ideal candidates for immunotherapy applications because they are expected to be least immunogenic.

Human V_(H)s and V_(L)s, however, are by and large prone to aggregation, a characteristic common to V_(H)s and V_(L)s derived from conventional antibodies (Davies, J. et al., 1994; Tanha, J. et al., 2001; Ward, E. S. et al., 1989). Thus, attempts have been made to obtain monomer human V_(H)s and V_(L)s suitable for antibody applications. Such V_(H)s and V_(L)s have also displayed other useful properties typical of V_(H)Hs such as high expression yield, high refoldability and resistance to aggregation. Synthetic libraries built on these V_(H)s and V_(L)s as library scaffolds might serve as a promising source of therapeutic proteins.

Camelization as well as llamination which involves incorporating key solubility residues from camel and llama V_(H)Hs, respectively, into human V_(H)s or V_(L)s have been employed to generate monomeric human V_(H)s and V_(L)s. Synthetic sdAb libraries constructed based on these V_(H)s and V_(L)s and generated by CDR randomization were shown to be functional in terms of yielding binders to various antigens (Davies, J. et al., 1995; Tanha, J. et al., 2001).

In another approach, fully human monomeric V_(H)s and V_(L)s were isolated from human synthetic V_(H) and V_(L) libraries without resorting to engineering of the sort mentioned above. In one experiment a monomeric human V_(H), was discovered when a human V_(H) library was panned against hen egg lysozyme (Jespers, L. et al., 2004b). More recently, a selection method based on reversible unfolding and affinity criteria yielded many monomeric V_(H)s from synthetic human V_(H) libraries (Jespers, L. et al., 2004a). This finding underlined the fact that an appropriate selection method is key to efficient capturing of rare monomer human V_(H)s with desirable biophysical properties.

OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION

A first object of the invention is to provide a high throughput screening method for identifying polypeptides, especially antibody fragments, with improved biophysical properties, including solubility, high expression, and/or stability (such as high refolding after thermal denaturation, high resistance to chemical denaturant, and high resistance to proteases, in particular gastrointestinal proteases such as trypsin).

A second object of the invention is to provide a high throughput screening method for identifying monomeric human V_(H)s and V_(L)s.

A third object of the invention is to identify, isolate and characterize monomeric human V_(H)s and V_(L)s.

A fourth object of the invention is to construct and characterize multimers of antibody fragments, especially monomeric human V_(H)s and V_(L)s.

A fifth object of the invention is to construct display libraries from polypeptides, especially antibody fragments, and most especially monomeric human V_(H)s and V_(L)s.

A sixth object of the invention is to provide a DNA shuffling method for producing polypeptides, especially antibody fragments, and most especially monomeric human V_(H)s and V_(L)s with improved biophysical properties.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A method is provided for isolating polypeptides, preferably antibody fragments, and most preferably human V_(H)s and V_(L)s with desirable biophysical properties (solubility, stability, high expression, monomericity, non-aggregation, binding specificity). The method includes the steps of obtaining a phage display library capable of expressing a variety of polypeptide sequences, allowing infection of a bacterial lawn by the library phage, and identifying phage which form larger than average plaques on the bacterial lawn. The phage are then isolated, and steps are taken to sequence or otherwise characterize the polypeptide sequences.

The invention also provides for polypeptides, especially monomeric human V_(H)s and V_(L)s, identified by the above method, which may be useful for immunotherapy, and/or as diagnostic or detection agents. The monomeric human V_(H)s and V_(L)s may also be combined to form dimers, trimers, pentamers or other multimers, which may be useful for immunotherapy and/or as diagnostic or detection agents.

The polypeptides identified by the above method, including human V_(H)s and V_(L)s, can be manipulated by methods such as DNA shuffling to select for improved biophysical properties such as solubility, stability, monomericity, high expressibility, binding specificity and human origin.

The polypeptides identified by the above method, including human V_(H)s and V_(L)s, may also be used to generate further display libraries, which can then in turn be used to isolate further polypeptides by the above method.

In a first aspect, the present invention provides a method of identifying target polypeptides, comprising a) obtaining a phage display library capable of expressing a variety of polypeptide sequences, b) allowing infection of a bacterial lawn by the library phage and c) identifying phage which form larger than average plaques on the bacterial lawn.

In a second aspect, the present invention provides polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:8-54

In a third aspect, the present invention provides a V_(H) antibody fragment comprising at least one amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:8-22.

In a fourth aspect, the present invention provides a V_(L) antibody fragment comprising at least one amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:23-54.

In a fifth aspect, the present invention provides A method for producing polypeptides with desirable biophysical properties, comprising the steps of a) providing at least one first nucleic acid sequence that encodes an antibody fragment or that encodes a polypeptide sequence, and having a first desirable property; b) providing at least one second nucleic acid sequence that encodes an antibody fragment having a second desirable property; c) cutting the at least one first and at least one second nucleic acid sequences into random fragments; d) reassembling the random fragments; e) expressing the random fragments; and f) screening the expressed random fragments for the first and second desirable properties.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Figure Legends

FIG. 1. A pictorial representation of selected example results: The contrast in plaque size between phages displaying a soluble V_(H) (HVHP428) and those displaying an insoluble one (BT32/A6). The photo depicts a part of the bacterial lawn agar plate which was magnified to enhance plaque visualization. Although the plate contained an equal number of each of the two plaque types, the photo essentially contains the large, HVHP428 plaques. The majority of the BT32/A6 plaques were too small to produce clear, well-defined images in the photo. The plaques marked by arrows, thus, represent a minor proportion of BT32/A6 phages which were large enough to be visible in this image. Asterisks marks representative plaque sizes for HVHP428 phages. The identities of plaques were determined by DNA sequencing.

FIG. 2. Amino acid sequence of the human V_(H)s selected based on affinity for protein A and plaque size (SEQ ID NOS.: 8-22 disclosed respectively in order of appearance). The dots in the sequence entries indicate amino acid identity with HVHP2M10 or HVHP44. Dashes are included for sequence alignment. Residues at the key solubility positions and residue 57T which associates with V_(H)s/V_(H)Hs with protein A binding property are in bold. The Kabat numbering system is used. The total “frequency” value is 114. CDR=complementarity determining region; FR=framework region; gln seq=germline sequence

FIGS. 3A, 3B, 3C and 3D. Aggregation tendencies of the human V_(H)s. 3A Gel filtration chromatograms comparing the oligomerization state of a human V_(H) isolated in this study (HVHP428) to that of a llama V_(H)H (H11C7) and a typical human V_(H) (BT32/A6). The peak eluting last in each chromatogram corresponds to monomeric V_(H). The dimeric H11C7 peak is marked by an arrow. 3B, C and D One-dimensional ¹H NMR spectra of HVHP414 at 800 MHz (3B), HVHP423 at 500 MHz (3C) and HVHP428 at 800 MHz (3D). The spectra in the left panel are scaled up by a factor of two to enable better viewing of low-intensity signals.

FIGS. 4A, 4B and 4C. Stability of the human V_(H)s in terms of their resistance to trypsin at 37° C. and integrity following long incubation at 37° C. 4A, SDS-PAGE comparing the mobilities of the untreated and trypsin-treated HVHP414 V_(H) at 15, 30 and 60 min relative to a 21 kDa marker. HVHP414-cMyc denotes HVHP414 V_(H) lacking the c-Myc. 4B, Molecular mass profiles obtained by mass spectrometry of untreated and trypsin-treated (60 min) HVHP414 V_(H) (SEQ ID NO.: 18). The mass spectrometry profile of the treated V_(H) is superimposed onto that for the untreated one to provide a better visual comparison. The experimental molecular mass of the untreated V_(H) is 14,967.6 Da, which is essentially identical to the expected molecular mass, 14,967.7 Da. The observed molecular mass of the trypsin-treated V_(H) (13,368.5 Da) indicates loss of 13 amino acids at the C-terminus by cleavage at K (Lys) in the c-Myc tag to give an expected molecular mass of 13,368.0 Da. The trypsin cleavage site is shown by a vertical arrow above the amino acids sequence of HVHP414. 4C, Gel filtration chromatograms comparing the oligomerization state of the 37° C.-treated HVHP420 V_(H) (upper profile) to that of untreated V_(H) (lower profile). The chromatograms were shifted vertically because they were indistinguishable when superimposed. The major and minor peaks in each chromatogram correspond to monomeric and dimeric V_(H)s, respectively. The dimeric V_(H) constitutes 3% of the total protein. The inset shows the sensorgram overlays for the binding of 37° C.-treated HVHP420 to protein A at various concentrations. The V_(H)s used for temperature stability studies were from stocks which had already been at 4° C. for several months.

FIG. 5. Sensogram overlays showing the binding of native (thick lines) and refolded (thin lines) HVHP423 to immobilized protein A at 75, 100, 150 and 200 nM concentrations. K_(D)n and K_(D)ref were calculated from respective sensograms and used to determine RE as described below.

FIG. 6. Amino acid sequences of the human V_(L)s selected based on affinity for protein L and plaque size (SEQ ID NOS.: 23-654 disclosed respectively in order of appearance). The dots in the sequence entries indicate amino acid identity with HVLP333. Dashes are included for sequence alignment. See the V BASE for sequence numbering and CDR designation. L6, A27, L2, L16, O2/O12, A30 and 1 b are V germline designation. J germline designations are in the brackets. NF, not found.

FIGS. 7A, 7B. Size exclusion chromatograms of human V_(L) domains. In 7A, the V_(L)s were applied at a concentration of 0.6 mg/ml. In 7B, the V_(L)s were applied at their highest concentration available: HVLP342, 1.0 mg/ml; HVLP3103, 5.9 mg/ml; HVLP335, 4.9 mg/ml; HVLP351, 0.89 mg/ml. “#” and “*” represent aggregate and monomer peaks, respectively. The aggregates elute in the exclusion volume. The peak marked by an arrow in the HVLP342 panel (B) is the carry over from a previous run.

FIG. 8. Sensorgram overlays showing the binding of V_(L)s to immobilized protein L at concentrations of 0.2, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 2, 3, 5 and 10 μM (HVLP389, HVLP351 and HVLP364); 1, 2, 3, 5, 7.5 and 10 nM (HVLP342); 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 5 and 10 μM (HVLP335); 0.2, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 and 5 μM (HVLP325), 0.2, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 3 and 5 μM (HVLP3103) and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 nM (HVLP324). The sensorgrams for HVLP324 and HVLP342 bindings to the low affinity site of protein L are not included but the calculated K_(D)s are recorded in Table 3.

FIGS. 9A, 9B. Bindings of HVHP328PTV2 to protein A and HVLP335PTV2 to protein L in surface plasmon resonance experiments. (9A) Sensorgram overlays showing the binding of HVH28PTV2 to immobilized protein A at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 10 nM concentrations. (9B) Sensorgram overlays showing the binding of HVLP335PTV2 to immobilized protein L at 1, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4 and 4.5 nM concentrations. The binding data are recorded in Table 4.

FIG. 10. Figure showing the results of the microagglutination experiments with S. aureus cells. The concentration of the pentamers decreases two-fold from well 1 to well 11 with well 12 having the pentamers replaced with PBS buffer. The top row wells contain HVHP328PTV2 pentamer and the bottom ones HVLP335PTV2 pentamer. The concentrations of the pentamers in wells 1 to 6 are 215, 108, 54, 27, 13 and 7 μg/ml, respectively.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

It is desirable to identify polypeptides, especially antibody fragments, that are of human origin, soluble, stable, resistant to aggregation, refoldable, highly expressed, easily manipulated at the DNA level, ideal for library construction and for 3-D structural determinations. Such antibody fragments are useful for a wide variety of immunotherapeutical applications, and also as diagnostic and detection agents. Human monomeric V_(H) and V_(L) antibodies are of particular interest, as they are likely to have many of the above-mentioned properties.

Polypeptides with the above-mentioned properties may be identified by high throughput screening of libraries capable of expressing a variety of polypeptide sequences. For example, phage display libraries (preferably filamentous phage such as M13 or fd) may be screened by infecting a field of bacteria susceptible to the phage (a bacterial lawn) with the phage, then determining which phages have successfully lysed the bacteria by looking for clear, bacteria-free areas known as plaques. Phages displaying monomeric llaminated V_(H)s and V_(L)s form larger plaques on bacterial lawns than phages displaying fully human V_(H)s with aggregation tendencies. Thus, plaque size may be used as a means of identifying rare, naturally-occurring monomer V_(H)s and V_(L)s from the human V_(H) repertoire.

The method disclosed herein is also useful in identifying soluble, stable (stability covers a number of characteristics, including but not limited to high thermal refolding efficiency, high melting temperature, maintaining functionality after long (several days) incubation at 37° C., resistant to chemical denaturants, resistant to proteases, having a long shelf life at below 0° C., and 4° C., and at room temperature, maintaining functionality in intracellular environments, and maintaining functionality inside the human body, such as in the bloodstream) and high expressing proteins of differing origins, including:

1. V_(H)s, V_(L)s, Fabs, scFvs and whole antibodies such as IgGs, more specifically human ones

2. Protein variants based on non-antibody scaffolds single-chain T-cell receptors, T-cell receptor domains, transferin, lipocalins, kunitz domains, ankyrin repeats, and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen (CTLA-4), including human ones

3. Vaccines such as viral and bacterial protein vaccines

4. Therapeutic proteins, e.g., insulin, growth hormone, arythropoietin

5. Proteinacious diagnostic and biochemical reagents, e.g., protein A, protein G.

Once polypeptides have been identified by this method, they can be used to construct additional libraries. This is done by selecting a nucleic acid sequence of, for example, a VH. Oligonucleotides with randomized codons are created and incorporated into the V_(H) sequence. Thus, each unique oligonucleotide is incorporated into a V_(H) gene, and the modified V_(H) genes constitute a library of sequences with slight variations. Typically, the oligonucleotides are designed such that the CDRs or loops of the V_(H) are randomized. For example, one, two or all three of V_(H) CDRs may be randomized. The V_(H) library is then cloned into an appropriate vector, depending on the type of library to be used, and the nucleic acid sequences are expressed as polypeptides. The library is screened for molecules that bind to the library polypeptides, typically by panning. The libraries may be phage display libraries, or other display libraries such as ribosome display and yeast display.

Polypeptides identified by the method discussed herein may be used for immunotherapy by, for example, the cross-linking of monomers to form dimers, trimers, pentamers and other multimers. This may result in better affinity for antigen molecules and slower dissociation rates for some antigens. Another possible approach is to link or fuse polypeptides to a variety of molecules with various functions. For example, antibody fragments may be linked to radionuclides, cytotoxic drugs, toxins, peptides, proteins, enzymes, liposomes, lipids, T-cell superantigens or viruses in order to target and destroy or modify specific cells or molecules.

Once the V_(H)s or V_(L)s identified by the selection method described herein have been isolated, they can be further manipulated to select for improved biophysical properties such as solubility, stability, monomericity, binding specificity, human origin or high expressability. This can be achieved by in vitro recombination techniques such as DNA shuffling or a staggered extension process. DNA shuffling involves cutting the nucleic acid sequence of first (donor) and second (acceptor) polypeptides, such as antibody fragments, into random fragments, then reassembling the random fragments by a PCR-like reaction. The reassembled fragments are then screened to select for the desired properties.

For example, one or more V_(H)s with high stability (donors) can be mixed with one or more V_(H)s lacking sufficient stability (acceptors) and subjected to DNA shuffling. This generates mutants of the acceptor V_(H)s which have incorporated stability residues from the donor V_(H)s. The newly stable mutants can be identified by the methods described herein, or through other evolutionary protein screening systems such as ribosome display, yeast display, bacterial cell display and phage display. Similarly, this technique can be used to transfer desirable traits such as solubility, monomericity, and high expression.

This technique may be used where both donor and acceptor V_(H)s have desirable properties, to produce a V_(H) with both properties. For example, an unstable donor V_(H) which binds to an important therapeutic or diagnostic ligand can be shuffled with a stable acceptor V_(H). In order to ensure that new generated stable V_(H)s also have the ability to bind to the ligand, the screening system may involve a ligand binding step.

DNA shuffling may also be useful for humanizing non-human V_(H)s such as camelid heavy chain antibody variable domains and nurse shark and wobbegong shark variable domains, or non-human V_(L)s which bind to therapeutic targets. Human V_(H)s and V_(L)s with desirable properties such as solubility, stability, monomericity and high expressability may be used as donors. For example, one or more human V_(H)s with good stability (donors) can be mixed with one or more non-human therapeutic V_(H)s (acceptors) and subjected to DNA shuffling. This generates mutants of the acceptor V_(H)s which are both stable and humanized. The newly generated humanized and stable mutants can be identified by the methods described herein, or through other evolutionary protein screening systems such as ribosome display, yeast display, bacterial cell display and phage display. In a further example, the acceptor V_(H) could be a therapeutic V_(H)H (camelid heavy chain antibody variable domain).

Further, this technique is also useful for selecting desirable properties of polypeptides other than V_(H)s and V_(L)s. As discussed above, the donor polypeptide and the acceptor polypeptide may be both human, or the donor may be human and the acceptor non-human.

A possible approach for imparting solubility, monomericity, high expressability or stability to V_(H)s and V_(L)s may be through grafting complementarity determining regions (CDRs) onto acceptor V_(H)s and V_(L)s. Since CDRs are known to be involved in the solubility and stability of single-domain antibodies, and accordingly the grafting of these regions, such as the CDRs from V_(H)s and V_(L)s isolated by the methods described herein, may impart solubility and/or stability to acceptor V_(H)s and V_(L)s.

Human Monomeric V_(H)s and V_(L)s

Several monomeric human V_(H)s with different germline and overall sequences were identified (see FIG. 2 and SEQ ID NO.: 8 through 22) from a naïve human V_(H) phage display library by this selection method based on phage plaque size. The V_(H)s remain functional and monomeric following trypsin treatment at 37° C., weeks of incubations at 37° C. or months of storage at 4° C., have high thermal refolding efficiencies, are produced in good yields in E. coli and possess protein A binding activity.

In addition, several monomeric human V_(L)s were identified (see FIG. 6 and SEQ ID NO. 23 through 54). The V_(L)s are also produced in good yields in E. coli and possess protein L binding activity.

Such properties will also be manifested by V_(H)s from synthetic libraries that utilize the above V_(H)s as scaffolds. Thus, such libraries may yield therapeutic or diagnostic V_(H)s which would have good efficacy at physiological temperature, extended shelf life and a cost-effective production. High thermal refolding efficiency characteristic would further extend the biotechnological applications of these libraries to situations where V_(H) binders are required to maintain their activity after exposure to transient high temperatures. The V_(H)s should also be very suitable for intrabody applications because of their desirable biophysical properties. The protein A binding property will simplify V_(H) purification and detection in diagnostic tests, immunoblotting and immunocytochemistry and can be exploited to enhance library performance by removing nonfunctional V_(H)s from the libraries. Similarly, libraries that utilize V_(L)s as scaffolds will yield therapeutic or diagnostic V_(L)S which have similarly desirable properties. Since V_(L)s bind with protein L, V_(L) purification and detection is simplified by taking advantage of this protein L binding property.

Display libraries built on the present V_(H)s and V_(L)s may also be a useful source of diagnostics and detection agents.

Previously reported fully human V_(H)s with favorable biophysical properties were based on a single V germline sequence: DP-47 ((Jespers, L. et al., 2004b; Jespers, L. et al., 2004a). The observation that the monomeric human V_(H)s in this study stem from six different germline sequences including DP-47, demonstrates that stable V_(H)s are not restricted in terms of germline gene usage. In fact, it is very likely that we would have isolated monomeric V_(H)s of family and germline origins different from the ones we describe here had we not restricted our selection to a subset of V_(H)3 family V_(H)s with protein A binding activity. It is not possible to pinpoint amino acid mutations (Table 1) responsible for the observed biophysical behavior of the present V_(H)s due to the occurrence of multiple mutations in V_(H)s and the fact that CDR3 is also known to be involved in shaping the biophysical profiles of sdAbs. It may be, however, that mutations at positions known to be important for sdAbs stability and solubility, eg., V37F in HVHP423 and HVHP44B, or mutations occurring multiple times at the same position, e.g., L5V/Q and V5Q in nine V_(H)s, have a role in determining V_(H)s biophysical properties. In terms of library construction, it would be desirable that the monomericity of the present V_(H)s not be dependent on CDRs, in particular CDR3, so that CDR randomization be performed without the worry of jeopardizing library stability. In this regard, the V_(H)s with smaller CDR3, e.g, HVHB82, may be preferred scaffolds since there would be less dependence on CDR3 for stability.

The diversity of the present V_(H)s and V_(L)s in terms of overall sequence and CDR3 length should allow the construction of better-performing libraries. Synthetic V_(H) libraries have been constructed on single scaffolds. Such an approach to repertoire generation is in sharp contrast to the natural, in vivo “approach” which utilizes a multiplicity of scaffolds. Based on the sequences reported here one can take advantage of the availability of the diverse set of V_(H)s and V_(L)s and create libraries which are based on multiple V_(H) and V_(L) scaffolds. Such libraries would be a better emulation of in vivo repertoires and therefore, would have a more optimal complexity. Of the three CDRs in sdAbs, CDR3 generally contributes most significantly to repertoire diversity and for this reason CDR3 randomization on V_(H) and V_(L) scaffolds are typically accompanied by concomitant varying of CDR3 length. While this significantly improves library complexity, it may also compromise library stability by disrupting the length of the parental scaffold CDR3. The heterogeneity of the V_(H)s and V_(L)s disclosed herein in terms of CDR3 length permit the creation of libraries with both good complexity, good stability and good biophysical characteristics. Such libraries would preferably consist of sub-libraries, where each sub-library is created by CDR3 randomization (and CDR1 and/or CDR2 randomization, if desired) on a single V_(H) or V_(L) scaffold without disrupting the parental CDR3 length.

The versatility of the present V_(H)s and V_(L)s is also beneficial in terms of choosing an optimal V_(H) or V_(L) framework for humanizing V_(H)Hs, V_(H)s and V_(L)s which are specific to therapeutic targets. High affinity camelid V_(H)Hs against therapeutic targets can be obtained from immune, non-immunized or synthetic V_(H)H libraries with relative ease and be subsequently subjected to humanization (CDR grafting, resurfacing, deimmunization) to remove possible V_(H)H immunogenicity, hence providing an alternative to human V_(H) library approach for production of therapeutic V_(H)s. Generating high affinity therapeutic V_(H)s by the latter approach may often require additional tedious and time consuming in vitro affinity maturation of the lead binder(s) selected from the primary synthetic human V_(H) libraries.

Nonhuman V_(H)s against therapeutic targets can be obtained from immune, non-immunized or synthetic V_(H) libraries with relative ease and be subsequently subjected to humanization (CDR grafting, resurfacing, deimmunization) to eliminate nonhuman V_(H) immunogenicity, hence providing an alternative to human V_(H) library approach for production of therapeutic V_(H)s.

Nonhuman V_(L)s against therapeutic targets can be obtained from immune, non-immunized or synthetic V_(H)H libraries with relative ease and be subsequently subjected to humanization (CDR grafting, resurfacing, deimmunization) to eliminate V_(H)H immunogenicity, hence providing an alternative to human V_(L) library approach for production of therapeutic V_(L)s.

A number of evolutionary approaches for selection of proteins with improved biophysical properties have been described (Forrer, P. et al., 1999; Waldo, G. S., 2003); (Jespers, L. et al., 2004a; Jung, S. et al., 1999; Matsuura, T. et al., 2003). Typically, stability pressure is required to ensure preferential selection of stable variants over unstable or less stable ones from a library population. For example, in a related work, heat treatment of V_(H) phage display libraries was required to select aggregation resistant V_(H)s (Jespers, L. et al., 2004a). Examples of evolutionary selection approaches involving phage display include conventional phage display, selectively infective phage and the proteolysis approaches. In the first two approaches affinity selection is used to select stable species from a library, based on the assumption that stable proteins possess better binding properties for their ligand than the unstable ones. However, even with the additional inclusion of a stability selection step, these approaches may primarily enrich for higher affinity rather than for higher stability (Jung, S. et al., 1999). A binding step requirement also limits the applicability of these approaches to proteins with known ligands. The third, proteolysis approach is based on the fact that stable proteins are generally compact and therefore are resistant to proteases whereas the unstable ones are not. The phage display format is engineered in such a way that the protease stability of the displayed protein translates to phage infectivity. Thus, when a variant phage display library is treated with a protease, only the phages displaying stable proteins retain their infectivity and can subsequently be selected by infecting an E. coli host. Since this approach is independent of ligand binding, it has general utility. However, even stable and well folded proteins have protease sensitive sites, e.g., loops and linkers, and this could sometimes hinder the selection of stable species in a proteolysis approach (Bai, Y. et al., 2004).

By contrast, in the present evolutionary approach, proteins with superior biophysical properties are simply identified by the naked eye. The approach does not require ligand binding, proteolysis or destabilization steps, and thus, avoids complications which may be encountered in the reported selection approaches. No requirement for a binding step also means that this approach has general utility. As an option, a binding step may be included to ensure that the selected proteins are functional. However, the dependency of the present approach on plating (for plaque visualization) introduces a possible logistical limitation in terms of the number of plates that can be handled and thus limits its application to smaller libraries. Nonetheless, the utility of the current approach can be extended to large libraries, if the library is first reduced to a manageable size. This can be done, for example, by incorporating into the selection system a step which would remove large populations of unstable species, e.g., library adsorption on a protein A surface, or on a hydrophobic interaction column to remove poorly folded proteins with exposed hydrophobic surfaces (Matsuura, T. et al., 2003). Here, the approach was used to select V_(H)s and V_(L)s of good biophysical properties in a background of very unstable V_(H)s and V_(L)s. However, it may be more difficult to select the “best” species from a mutant library which is populated with proteins with reasonably good stabilities. In this case, the lead variants may be identified based on the rate of plaque formation by using shorter incubation times, or based on plaque size and frequency criteria.

The present selection approach can be extended to identification of stable and well-folded antibody fragments such as scFvs and Fabs with the optional inclusion, in the selection system, of a binding step involving protein L, A or any ligand, as well as stable non-antibody scaffolds and variants thereof. Moreover, the observed correlation between phage plaque size and V_(H) expression yield means that one can utilize the present approach for acquiring high-expressing versions of proteins with otherwise poor or unsatisfactory expression from mutant phage display libraries. This application would be particularly appealing in the case of therapeutic proteins or expensive poor-expressing protein reagents where boosting protein expression would significantly offset protein production cost.

Binding Analyses of Pentamers

Both V_(L)s and V_(H)s are amenable to pentamerization and the pentamerization can be used to quickly convert a low affinity V_(L) or V_(H) monomer to a high affinity V_(L) or V_(H) pentamer. Such pentamers are invaluable diagnostics and detection agents. In such applications, the binding of a V_(L) or V_(H) pentamer to its target can be detected by a reporter molecule such as an enzyme (for example, horse radish peroxidase or alkaline phosphatase), or a fluorescent molecule conjugated to the pentamer. Alternatively, the binding of the pentamer can be detected by a secondary molecule which is conjugated to a reporter molecule. The secondary molecule can be specific to the pentamer itself or to a tag thereof, such as a 6His tag (SEQ ID NO.: 55) or c-Myc tag. For example, a typical secondary molecule is an immunoglobulin.

The interactions between the V_(H)s and protein A and V_(L)s with protein L are fundamentally different from those between V_(H)s and V_(L)s with their target antigens. The antigen binding of a V_(H) or a V_(L) involves three antigen binding loops which form the combining site of an antibody domain. The protein A binding of a V_(H) with protein A binding activity and a V_(L) with protein L binding activity involve binding sites and residues on the antibody domains that are totally distinct from the antibody combining site. Thus, a V_(H) with protein A binding activity can simultaneously bind to protein A and its target antigen and a V_(L) with protein L binding activity can simultaneously bind to protein L and its target antigen. Since the present V_(H)s and V_(L)s have affinity for protein A and L, respectively, protein A and L can be used as the secondary molecule for detection and diagnostic applications mentioned above. The human V_(H) and V_(L) pentamers can also be used for therapy.

Pathogen Detection by the Pentamers

The protein A and L binding activity of the V_(H)s and V_(L)s can be used to detect bacteria which have protein A and/or L on their surfaces. Protein A is present on the surface of the pathogenic bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus. Thus, the V_(H)s with protein A binding activity such as the ones described here can be used to detect S. aureus. Similarly, the V_(L) monomers and V_(L) pentamers with protein L binding activity can be used for the detection of bacteria, in particular pathogenic bacteria such as Peptostreptococcus magnus, which have protein L on their cell surface.

Protein L is implicated as a virulent factor in the pathogenesis of P. magnus (Ricci, S. et al., 2001) in humans. In vaginosis, protein L is thought to exert its effect by cross-linking surface associated IgE. V_(L) monomers and/or pentamers with protein L binding activity have potential as therapeutics since they could interfere with the IgE cross-linking action of protein L.

Protein A is implicated as a virulent factor in the pathogenesis of S. aureus in humans (Fournier, B. et al., 2004). Its virulence has been attributed to its ability to interact with host components including binding to antibodies. V_(H) monomers and/or pentamers with protein A binding activity have potential as therapeutics since they could interfere with the interaction of protein A with host components.

Examples

Identification and Sequence Analysis of Monomeric Human V_(H)s

During the course of the construction of fully human and llaminated human V_(H) libraries, it was learned that the phages displaying monomeric llaminated V_(H)s formed larger plaques on bacterial lawns than phages displaying fully human V_(H)s with aggregation tendencies. Thus, plaque size was used as a means of identifying rare, naturally-occurring monomer V_(H)s from the human V_(H) repertoire (FIG. 1). To this end, a phage library displaying human V_(H)s with a size of 6×10⁸ was constructed and propagated as plaques on agar plates. On the titer plates, the library consisted essentially of small plaques interspersed with some large ones. PCR on twenty clones revealed that the small plaques corresponded to the V_(H)-displaying phages while the large ones represented the wild type phages, i.e., phages lacking V_(H) sequence inserts. None of the V_(H)-displaying phages were found with large plaque morphology. This was not unexpected due to the paucity of the monomeric V_(H)s in the human repertoire and the large size of the library. To facilitate the identification of monomeric V_(H)s, it was decided to reduce the library to a manageable size and remove the interfering wild type phages with large-plaque-size morphology by panning the library against protein A which binds to a subset of human V_(H)s from V_(H)3 family.

Following a few rounds of panning, the library became enriched for phage producing large plaques, and PCR and sequencing of more than 110 such plaques showed that all had complete V_(H) open reading frames. The size of the large plaques which were picked for analysis is represented in FIG. 1. Sequencing revealed fifteen different V_(H)s which belonged to the V_(H)3 family and utilized DP-38, DP-47, V3-49, V3-53, YAC-5 or 8-1B germline V segments (Table 1; FIG. 2). DP-38 and DP-47 germline sequences have been previously implicated in protein A binding. In addition, all V_(H)s had a Thr residue at position 57 (FIG. 2), consistent with their protein A binding activity. The most frequently-utilized germline V segment was DP-47 which occurred in over 50% of the V_(H)s, but the most frequent clone (i.e., HVHP428; relative frequency 46%) utilized the V3-49 germline V segment. HVHP429 with a DP-47 germline sequence was the second most abundant V_(H) with a relative frequency of 21% (FIG. 2). The V_(H) CDR3 lengths ranged from 4 amino acids for HVHB82 to 16 amino acids for HVHP430 amino acids, with HVHP430 having a pair of Cys residues in CDR3. Amino acid mutations with respect to the parental germline V segment (residues 1-94) and FR4 (residues 103-113) sequences, were observed in all V_(H)s and ranged from two mutations for HVHP44 (L5V and Q105R) and HVHB82 (E1Q and L5Q) to sixteen mutations for HVHP426 (Table 1). Mutations were concentrated in the V segments; only two mutations were detected in all the fifteen FR4s, at positions 105 and 108. HVHP44 and HVHB82 differed from other V_(H)s in that they both had a positively-charged amino acid at position 105 instead of a Gln (Table 1; FIG. 2). However, while the positively-charged amino acid in HVHP44 was acquired by mutation, the one in HVHB82 was germline-encoded. Except for HVHP423 and HVHP44B, the remaining V_(H)s had the germline residues at the key solubility positions: 37V/44G/45L/47W or 37F/44G/45L/47W (HVHP428); HVHP423 and HVHP44B had a V37F mutation. Mutations at other positions which are shown or hypothesized to be important in V_(H) solubility included seven E6Q, three S35T/H, one R83G and one K83R, one A84P and one T84A and one M108L. Frequent mutations were also observed at positions 1 and 5 which included eleven E1 Q, eight L5V/Q and one V5Q mutations.

Biophysical Characterization of the Human V_(H)s

All V_(H)s except HVHP44B, which was essentially the same as HVHP423, were expressed in one-liter-culture volumes in E. coli strain TG1 in fusion with c-Myc-His₅ tag and purified to homogeneity from periplasmic extracts by immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC). The expression yields ranged from 1.8 to 62.1 mg of purified protein per liter of bacterial culture in shaker flasks with majority of V_(H)s having yields in several milligrams (Table 2). In the instance of HVHP423 and HVHP430, another trial under “apparently” the same expression conditions gave yields of 2.4 and 6.4 mg as opposed to 62.1 and 23.7 mg, respectively. This implies that for many of the V_(H)s described here optimal expression conditions should be achieved, without much effort, resulting in expression yields significantly higher than the reported values in Table 2. As expected, all the V_(H)s bound to protein A in surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analyses, with K_(D)s of 0.2-3 μM, a range and magnitude comparable to the ones reported previously for llama V_(H)H variants with protein A binding activity. None of the V_(H)s bound to the Fab reference surface.

The aggregation tendency of the human V_(H)s was assessed in terms of their oligomerization states by gel filtration chromatography and NMR (Table 2). All V_(H)s were subjected to Superdex 75 gel filtration chromatography. Similar to a llama V_(H)H, i.e., H11C7, all V_(H)s gave a symmetric single peak at the elution volume expected for a monomer, and were substantially free of any aggregates (see the example for HVHP428 in FIG. 3A. In contrast, a typical human V_(H) (i.e., BT32/A6) formed considerable amount of aggregates. For three of the V_(H)s, a minor peak with a mobility expected for a V_(H) dimer was also observed. SPR analyses of the minor peaks gave off-rate values which were significantly slower than those for the monomer V_(H)s, consistent with them being dimers. The dimer peak was also observed in the case of the llama V_(H)H, H11C7. The folding and oligomerization states of the V_(H)s at high concentrations were further studied by NMR spectroscopy. As shown in Table II, all the V_(H) proteins studied appeared to be relatively soluble and assumed a well-folded three-dimensional structure. One-dimensional NMR spectra of the V_(H) fragments (FIG. 3B) showed structure folds characteristic of V_(H) domains. The state of protein aggregation was also assessed by use of an PFG-NMR diffusion experiment for the HVHP414 fragment and two isoforms, V_(H)14 and V_(H)14-cMyc- with and without the c-Myc sequence, of the HVHP414. V_(H)14 is a modified version of HVHP414 with a c-Myc N132E mutation and with an additional methionine residue at the N-terminus. In brief, the PFG-NMR data (not shown) indicated that all the protein samples had expected monomeric molecular weights even at the relatively high protein concentrations used for NMR experiments.

The stability of the V_(H)s was further investigated in terms of their resistance to trypsin at 37° C. integrity following long incubations at 37° C. Trypsin cleaves polypeptide amide backbones at the C-terminus of an Arg or a Lys residue. There are 9-13 Arg and Lys residues in the human V_(H)s (FIG. 2). There is also an additional Lys residue in the C-terminal c-Myc tag which is susceptible to digestion by trypsin. FIG. 4a is an SDS-PAGE analysis of HVHP414 during trypsin digestion. Within 1 h the original band was completely converted to a single product which had a mobility expected for the V_(H) with no c-Myc-His₅ tag. The same result was obtained for 12 other V_(H)s following a one-hour incubation with trypsin. Mass spectrometry on a randomly selected sample of the trypsin-treated V_(H)s (i.e., HVHP414, HVHP419, HVHP420, HVHP423, HVHP429, HVHP430 and HVHM81) confirmed that in every case the molecular mass of the digested product corresponded to a V_(H) with the c-Myc Lys as the C-terminal residue. HVHM41 gave a significantly shorter fragment than the rest upon digestion, and in this case mass spectrometry experiments mapped the cleavage site to the Arg99 in CDR3 (data not shown).

Eleven V_(H)s ranging in concentration from 0.32 mg/ml (HVHP428) to 3.2 mg/ml (HVHP420) were incubated at 37° C. for 17 days. Their stability was subsequently determined in terms of oligomerization state and protein A binding. As shown by gel filtration chromatography, treatment of V_(H)s at 37° C. did not induce any aggregate formation: all V_(H)s gave chromatogram profiles which were virtually identical to those of untreated V_(H)s and stayed essentially as monomers (see the example for HVHP420; FIG. 4c ). To ensure that the V_(H)s maintained their native fold following 37° C. treatment, two V_(H)s, namely, HVHP414 (1.2 mg/ml) and HVHP420 (3.2 mg/ml), were selected at random and their K_(D)s of binding to protein A were determined by SPR (Data shown for HVHP420; FIG. 4c inset) and compared to the K_(D)s obtained for untreated V_(H)s (Table 2). The calculated K_(D)s for the heat-treated V_(H)s were 1.4 μM and 1.0 μM for HVHP414 and HVHP420, respectively. These values are essentially identical to the corresponding values for the untreated V_(H)s (Table 2), demonstrating that 37° C. treatment of V_(H)s did not affect their native fold. The possibility that V_(H)s may have been in a less compact, non-native fold during the 37° C.-incubation periods and resumed their native fold upon returning to room temperature during gel filtration and SPR experiments is unlikely in light of the fact that the V_(H)s were resistant to trypsin at 37° C. (see above), a property typically associated for well folded native proteins.

The refolding efficiency (RE) of the human V_(H)s was investigated by comparing the K_(D)s of the binding of the native (K_(D)n) and heat-treated, refolded (K_(D)ref) V_(H)s to protein A (Tanha, J. et al., 2002). When a fraction of the V_(H) is inactivated by heat treatment the measured K_(D) would be higher, since this parameter is based on the concentration of folded, i.e., active, antibody fragment. Thus, the ratio of K_(D)n to K_(p)ref gives a measure of V_(H) RE. FIG. 5 compares sensorgrams for HVHP423 binding to immobilized protein A in native (thick lines) and refolded (thin lines) states at several selected V_(H) concentrations. As can be seen, binding of the refolded V_(H) to protein A is less in all instances, indicating that the unfolding is not fully reversible. For each of the 14 V_(H)s, protein A binding in both native and refolded states was measured at several concentrations, and the K_(D)s and subsequently RE s were determined (Table 2; K_(D)ref values are not shown). The K_(D)s and RE s of two anti-idiotypic llama V_(H)Hs, H11F9 and H11 B2, which were used as references, were also determined. Four V_(H)s had RE s in the range of 92%-95%, similar to the REs for H11F9 and H11B2, 95% and 100%, respectively. Another five had REs in the range of 84%-88% and three over 70%. Only two had significantly lower RE: HVHP413 (52%) and HVHP421 (14%). Several published V_(H)Hs examined previously had RE around 50% (van der Linden, R. H. et al., 1999).

Human V_(H) Phage Display Library Construction and Panning.

cDNA was synthesized from human spleen mRNA (Ambion Inc., Austin, Tex.) using random hexanucletide primers and First Strand cDNA™ kit (GE Healthcare, Baie d'Urfé, QC, Canada). Using the cDNAs as template, V_(H) genes with flanking C_(H) sequences were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in nine separate reactions using V_(H) framework region 1 (FR1)-specific primers and an immunoglobin M-specific primer (de Haard, H. J. et al., 1999). The products were gel-purified and used as the template in the second round of PCR to construct V_(H) genes using the FR1- and FR4-specific primers (de Haard, H. J. et al., 1999) that also introduced flanking Apal I and Not I restriction sites for cloning purposes. The resultant V_(H) repertoire DNAs were cloned into fd-tetGIIID phage vector and a V_(H) phage display library was constructed (Tanha, J. et al., 2001). Panning against protein A (Amersham Biosciences Inc.) was performed as described (Tanha, J. et al., 2001). Germline sequence assignment of the selected V_(H)s was performed using DNAPLOT software Version 2.0.1 and V BASE version 1.0. Llama V_(H)Hs H11C7, H11F9 and H11B2 were isolated from a llama V_(H)H phage display library by panning against H11 scFv as described (Tanha, J. et al., 2002).

V_(H) Expression and Purification.

V_(H)s were cloned into pSJF2 expression vectors by standard cloning techniques (Sambrook, J. Fritsch E. F. and Maniatis T, 1989). Periplasmic expression of sdAbs and subsequent purification by immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) were performed as described (Muruganandam, A. et al., 2002). Protein concentrations were determined by A₂₈₀ measurements using molar absorption coefficients calculated for each protein (Pace, C. N. et al., 1995). Gel filtration chromatography of the purified V_(H)s was performed on a Superdex 75 column (GE Healthcare) as described (Deng, S. J. et al., 1995).

Binding and Refolding Efficiency Experiments.

Equilibrium dissociation constants (K_(D)s) and refolding efficiencies (REs) of V_(H)s/V_(H)Hs were derived from surface plasmon resonance (SPR) data collected with BIACORE 3000 biosensor system (Biacore Inc., Piscataway, N.J.). To measure the binding of V_(H)s to protein A, 2000 resonance units (RUs) of protein A or a reference antigen-binding fragment (Fab) were immobilized on research grade CM5 sensor chips (Biacore Inc.). Immobilizations were carried out at concentrations of 25 μg/ml (protein A) or 50 μg/ml (Fab) in 10 mM sodium acetate buffer pH 4.5, using the amine coupling kit provided by the manufacturer. To measure the binding of the anti-idiotypic llama V_(H)Hs to H11 scFv, 4100 RUs of 50 μg/ml H11 scFv or 3000 RUs of 10 μg/ml Se155-4 IgG reference were immobilized as described above. In all instances, analyses were carried out at 25° C. in 10 mM HEPES, pH 7.4, containing 150 mM NaCl, 3 mM EDTA and 0.005% P20 at a flow rate of 40 μl/min, and surfaces were regenerated by washing with the running buffer. To determine the binding activities of the refolded proteins, V_(H)s or V_(H)Hs were denatured by incubation at 85° C. for 20 min at 10 μg/ml concentrations. The protein samples were then cooled down to room temperature for 30 min to refold and were subsequently centrifuged in a microfuge at 14,000 rpm for 5 min at room temperature to remove any protein precipitates. The supernatants were recovered and analyzed for binding activity by SPR as described above. For both folded and refolded proteins data were fit to a 1:1 interaction model simultaneously using BIAevaluation 4.1 software (Biacore Inc.) and K_(D)s were subsequently determined. REs were determined from

${RE} = {\frac{K_{D}n}{K_{D}{ref}} \times 100}$ Where K_(D)n is the K_(D) of the native protein and K_(D)ref is the K_(D) of the refolded protein. Tryptic Digest Experiments.

3 μl of a freshly prepared 0.1 μg/μl sequencing grade trypsin (Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Mississauga, ON, Canada) in 1 mM HCl was added to 60 μg V_(H) in 100 mM Tris-HCl buffer pH 7.8. Digestion reactions were carried out in a total volume of 60 μl for 1 h at 37° C. and stopped by adding 5 μl of 0.1 μg/μl trypsin inhibitor (Sigma, Oakville, ON, Canada). Following completion of digestion, 5 μl was removed and analyzed by SDS-PAGE; the remaining was desalted using ZipTip_(C4) (Millipore, Nepean, ON, Canada), eluted with 1% acetic acid in 50:50 methanol:water and subjected to V_(H) mass determination by MALDI mass spectrometry.

Protein Stability Studies at 37° C.

Single-domain antibodies (sdAbs) at 0.32-3.2 mg/ml concentrations were incubated at 37° C. in PBS buffer for 17 days. Following incubation, the protein samples were spun down in a microfuge at maximum speed for 5 min even in the absence of any visible aggregate formation. The samples were then applied onto a Superdex 75 size exclusion column (GE Healthcare) and the monomeric peaks were collected for SPR analysis against protein A. SPR analyses were performed as described above except that 500 RUs of protein A or reference Fab was immobilized and that immobilizations were carried out at concentration of 50 μg/ml.

NMR Experiments—

V_(H) samples for NMR analysis were dissolved in 10 mM sodium phosphate, 150 mM NaCl, 0.5 mM EDTA, and 0.02% NaN₃ at pH 7.0. The protein concentrations were 40 μM-1.0 mM. All NMR experiments were carried out at 298 K on a Bruker Avance-800 or a Bruker Avance-500 NMR spectrometer. One-dimensional (1D)¹H NMR spectra were recorded with 16,384 data points and the spectral widths were 8,992.81 Hz at 500 MHz and 17,605.63 Hz at 800 MHz, respectively. Two-dimensional ¹H-¹H NOESY spectra of 2,048×400 data points were acquired on a Bruker Avance-800 NMR spectrometer with a spectral width of 11,990.04 Hz and a mixing time of 120 ms. In all NMR experiments, water suppression was achieved using the WATERGATE method implemented through the 3-9-19 pulse train (Piotto, M. et al., 1992; Sklenar, V. et al., 1993). NMR data were processed and analyzed using the Bruker XWINNMR software package. All PFG-NMR diffusion measurements were carried out with the water-suppressed LED sequence (Altieri, A. S. et al., 1995), on a Bruker Avance-500 NMR spectrometer equipped with a triple-resonance probe with three-axis gradients. One-dimensional proton spectra were processed and analyzed using Bruker Xwinnmr software package. NMR signal intensities were obtained by integrating NMR spectra in the methyl and methylene proton region (2.3 ppm to −0.3 ppm) where all NMR signals were attenuated uniformly at all given PFG strengths.

Human V_(L) Phage Display Library Construction and Panning.

cDNAs were synthesized from human spleen mRNA as described above for the human V_(H)s. The cDNA was used as template in PCR to amplify V_(L) genes in 50 μl reaction volumes using six V_(κ) back primers, 11 V_(λ) back primers (de Haard, H. J. et al., 1999), four V_(κ) For primers and two V_(κ) For primers (Sblattero, D. et al., 1998). The back and forward primers were modified to have flanking Apa LI and Not I restriction sites, respectively, for subsequent cloning purposes. Forward primers were pooled together in ratios which reflected their degree of degeneracy. V_(λ) genes were PCRed in 11 separate reactions using the pooled V_(λ) For primers and 11 individual V_(λ) back primers. Similarly, V_(λ) genes were amplified in 6 separate reactions using the pooled V_(κ) For primers and 6 individual V_(λ) back primers. The PCR products were pooled, gel purified and digested with Apa LI and Not I restriction endonucleases. The library was constructed as described for human V_(H)s. Plaque PCR was performed on individual library colonies and the amplified V_(L) genes were sequenced as described (Tanha, J. et al., 2003). Panning against protein L (Biolynx Inc., Brockville, ON, Canada) and germline sequence assignment of the selected V_(L)s were performed as described above for human V_(H) library.

V_(L) Expression and Purification.

V_(L) expression, purification, concentration determination and gel filtration chromatography were carried out as described for V_(H)s in “V_(H) expression and purification.”.

Expression and Purification of V_(L) and V_(H) Pentamers.

Specific primers were used in a standard PCR to amplify HVHP328 V_(H) and HVLP335 V_(L) genes. Standard cloning techniques were used to clone the HVHP328 and HVLP335 genes in fusion with VT1B pentamerization domain gene in an expression vector to yield HVHP328PVT2 and HVLP335PTV2 pentamers, (Zhang, J. et al., 2004). Pentamers were expressed and purified as described (Zhang, J. et al., 2004). Protein concentrations were determined as above.

Surface Plasmon Resonance of V_(L)s.

The binding kinetics for the interaction of the V_(L)s to protein L were determined by SPR using BIACORE 3000 biosensor system (Biacore, Inc., Piscataway, N.J.). 680 RUs of protein L or 870 RUs of a Fab reference were immobilized on research grade CM5 sensor chips (Biacore). Immobilizations were carried out at a protein concentration of 50 μg/ml in 10 mM acetate buffer pH 4.5 using the amine coupling kit supplied by the manufacturer. All measurements were carried out at 25° C. in 10 mM HEPES buffer pH 7.4, containing 150 mM NaCl, 3 mM EDTA and 0.005% P20 at a flow rate of 50 μl/min or 100 μl/min. Surfaces were regenerated by washing with the running buffer. Data were evaluated using the BIAevaluation 4.1 software (Biacore, Inc.).

Surface Plasmon Resonance of the Pentameric V_(L) and V_(H).

The binding kinetics for the interaction of HVHP328PVT2 with protein A and HVLP335PTV2 with protein L were also determined by SPR. 520 RUs of protein A or a Fab reference were immobilized as above. For the V_(L) pentamer, the same surfaces prepared above were used. Measurements were carried out as above but at a flow rate of 20 μl/min. Surfaces were regenerated by washing with 50 mM HCl for 3 s. Data were evaluated as described for the monomers.

Cell Microagglutination

A single S. aureus colony from a BHI plate was used to inoculate 15 mL of BHI media. The bacteria were grown overnight at 37° C. at 200 rpm. In the morning, the culture was spun down in a swinging bucket, Sorvall RT6000B refrigerated centrifuge at 4000 rpm for 10 min, the supernatant was removed and the cell pellet was re-suspended in PBS buffer. The cells were re-spun, the supernatant was removed and the cell pellet was re-suspended again in PBS buffer. The cells were diluted to an A₆₀₀ of 1.0, and serial dilutions of the cells were spread on BHI plates at 37° C. for overnight growth. The cell titer was determined in the morning. An A₆₀₀ of 1.0 corresponded to 1.5×10⁹ cells ml⁻¹. Identical steps were taken to prepare E. coli strain TG1 cells for subsequent microagglutination assays, except that the growth media was 2xYT. The viable counts were similar, A₆₀₀1.0=2.1×10⁹ cells ml⁻¹.

To perform microagglutination assays, two fold dilutions of HVHP328PVT2 in PBS were performed from wells 1 to 11 in a microtiter plate. Well 12 (blank) had only PBS. The total volume in each well was 50 μl. Subsequently, 1×10⁸ S. aureus cells in 50 μl PBS was added to all wells and the plate was incubated overnight at 4° C. To have a permanent record of the results, a picture was taken from the plate in the morning. For the pentamer control experiment, HVHP328PVT2 was replaced with the V_(L) pentamer, HVLP335PTV2. In the cell control experiments, the same two sets of experiments were repeated with E. coli TG1 cells.

Identification and Sequence Analysis of Monomeric Human V_(L)s

Essentially the same selection method which was employed to isolate soluble V_(H)s from a human V_(H) phage display library was applied to a human V_(L) library for isolating soluble, monomeric V_(L)s. A human V_(L) library with a size of 3×10⁶ was constructed. Twenty four plaques from the library titer plates were picked and their V_(L) genes were PCRed and sequenced. The sequences were diverse in terms of germ-line origin although 75% of the V_(L)s were of Vλ origin (data not shown). Three rounds of panning against protein L resulted in enrichment for large plaques. Thirty-nine of large plaques were sequenced and 32 unique sequences were identified (FIG. 6). HVLP325, HVLP335 and HVLP351 occurred at frequency of 3, 4 and 2, respectively. Except for HVLP389 which is of lambda class (subgroup Vλ1, germline 1 b), the remaining 31 V_(L)s belonged to the Vκ class. Of the 31 kappa V_(L)s, 24 fall within the VκIII subgroup and 7 within the Vκ1 subgroup. Sixteen of the 24 VκIII sequences utilize L6 germline sequence with the remaining utilizing A27, L2 and L6 germline sequences. The Vκ1 subgroup V_(L)s are originated from O2/O12 or A30 germline sequence. Noticeable mutations occurred at position 96. The germline amino acids at this position are aromatic and hydrophobic amino acids Trp, Phe, Tyr, Leu or Ile for kappa V_(L)s and Tyr, Val or Ala for lambda V_(L)s. But in the selected pool of kappa V_(L)s only 5 out of 31 have their germline amino acids at position 96: HVLP325, HVLP349, HVLP388, HVLP3109 and HVLP393. 21 amino acids at position 96 are charged of which 20 are positively-charged: Arg, Lys or His. Two amino acids are Pro, one Gln, one Ser and one Thr. Of seven kappa V_(L)s analyzed by gel filtration chromatography for monomericity, six which had Arg or Lys at position 96 were also monomers, whereas HVLP325 with the germline amino acid Leu at position 96 formed aggregates (see below). Similarly, HVLP389 which was of the lambda class and had a germline mutation to Ser was also monomeric (see below). These data correlates the deviation from the germline amino acids at position 96 (27 out of 32) with improved biophysical properties of V_(L)s such as monomericity.

Eighteen V_(L)s of the kappa class had their last three residues (105-107) replaced with amino acids Thr, Val and Leu which are only found in lambda V_(L)s. These substitutions may have had a role in improving the biophysical properties of the kappa V_(L)s, resulting in the selection of the aforementioned V_(L)s over the parental clones with the original kappa residues at position 105-107.

Characterization of the Human V_(L)s

Eight of the selected V_(L)s with different V germline origins were expressed in E. coli in one-liter cultures and purified: HVLP324, HVLP325, HVLP335, HVLP342, HVLP351, HVLP364, HVLP389 and HVLP3103 (Table 6). All were expressed in good yields ranging from 6.2 mg for HVLP324 to around 75 mg for HVLP335 and HVLP364.

The aggregation tendency of the human V_(L)s was assessed in terms of their oligomerization state by gel filtration chromatography. V_(L)s were subjected to Superdex 75 gel filtration chromatography at a concentration of 0.6 mg/ml. All except HVLP325 were essentially free of aggregates and gave symmetric single peaks with the mean apparent molecular mass of 12.7 kDa (range, 6.2-19.2 kDa) (FIG. 7A and Table 3). This is in agreement with the expected molecular mass for monomeric V_(L)s, 13.4-13.8 kDa. Variation in apparent molecular mass for single-domain antibodies has been reported previously (Jespers, L. et al., 2004a; (Stevens, F. J. et al., 1980). For HVLP325, the aggregates formed 11% of the total protein (aggregate plus monomer). HVLP351, HVLP342, HVLP335 and HVLP3103, were still monomer when tested at their highest concentration available, i.e., 0.89 mg/ml, 1.0 mg/ml, 4.9 mg/ml and 5.9 mg/ml, respectively (FIG. 7B)

V_(L)s were subjected to Superdex-75 chromatography prior to BIACORE analysis and purified monomer peaks collected even in the absence of any evidence of aggregated material. In SPR analysis, all selected V_(L)s bound to protein L (FIG. 8). This was not unexpected since the V_(L)s were isolated by panning against protein L. For all, the K_(D)s of binding to protein L were in 0.6-3 μM (Table 3). HVLP324 and HVLP342 had additional smaller K_(D)s, 10 nM and 40 nM, respectively. Low affinity and high affinity bindings of V_(L)s of Vκl subgroup to protein L have been reported previously (Reference). Both, HVLP324 and HVLP342, belong to Vκl subgroup (Table 3). As expected, the kinetic and equilibrium data were consistent with the monomeric peak being indeed monomeric.

Binding Analyses of Pentamers

Bindings of HVHP328PVT2 pentamer to protein A and HVLP335PTV2 pentamer to protein L were determined by surface plasmon resonance (FIG. 9). The association rates were independently calculated from plots of k_(obs) versus concentration. More than one dissociation rate (k_(d)) could be calculated due to the heterogeneity in multivalent binding amongst the pentamer population. Therefore, more than one equilibrium dissociation constant, K_(D), could be obtained. HVHP328PTV2 and HVLP335PTV2 had minimum K_(D)s of 2 nM and 200 pM, respectively (Table 4). With slower k_(d)s, HVHP328PTV2 and HVLP335PTV2 had K_(D)s as low as 900 and 90 pM, respectively.

Pathogen Detection by V_(L)s and V_(H)s

The protein A and L binding activity of the V_(H)s and V_(L)s can be used to detect bacteria which have protein A and/or L on their surfaces. This is possible if the V_(H)s and V_(L)s are soluble and monomeric (lack of tendency to aggregate) such as the V_(H)s and V_(L)s here. Variable domains derived from antibodies which lack light chains such as camelid heavy chain antibodies or nurse shark and wobbegong shark IgNARs are naturally soluble and monomeric. From these, those with protein A and L binding activity. can also be used to detect bacteria which have protein A and/or L on their surfaces. Protein A is present on the surface of the pathogenic bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus. Thus, the V_(H)s with protein A binding activity such as the ones described here can be used to detect S. aureus. We performed a microagglutination assay to detect the ability of HVHP328PVT2 V_(H) pentamer to bind to S. aureus. A constant number of bacterial cells were incubated with two-fold dilutions of HVHP328PVT2 in microtiter wells (wells 1-11) (FIG. 10). Well 12 had buffer instead of the pentamer. If the V_(H)s bind to the bacterial cells, then the pentamer because of its multimeric nature should be able to cross-link the cells and results in cell agglutination. The agglutinated cells will appear as diffused cells in a microtiter well (FIG. 10). In the absence of any binding, no agglutination should occur, hence no agglutination, and the cells will appear as a dot at the bottom of the well. As shown in FIG. 10, the pentamer binds to the S. aureus, since there is agglutination of cells. The agglutination is observed up to well 7. Beyond well 7 the concentration of the pentamer is too low for binding, hence no agglutination. The control V_(L) pentamer does not show any agglutination, demonstrating the specificity of the V_(H) pentamer to S. aureus (FIG. 10). The binding is also cell-specific since the V_(H) pentamer as expected does not agglutinate E. coli (TG1 strain) or Salmonella cells (data not shown). Similarly, the V_(L) monomers and V_(L) pentamers with protein L binding activity can be used for the detection of bacteria, in particular pathogenic bacteria such as Peptostreptococcus magnus, which have protein L on their cells surface.

It is understood that the examples described above in no way serve to limit the true scope of this invention, but rather are presented for illustrative purposes.

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TABLE 1 V_(H) sequence deviations from parental germline sequences V/J Amino acid deviation from V and FR4 V_(H) germlines germline sequences HVHP44 DP47/JH4b L5V, Q105R HVHB82 DP47/JH6c E1Q, L5Q HVHP421 DP47/JH4b E1Q, V2L, L5Q, L11V, G16R HVHP419 DP47/JH4b E1Q, V2L, L5Q, T77S, R83G, K94R HVHP430 DP47/JH3b E1Q, L5V, V12I, Q13K, S31N, G52AS, L78V, A93V, K94R HVHP429 DP47/JH4 L5V, G10T, S30I, S31N, G42D, E46D, A50T, G52aN, S53N, S56A K75N, A84P, E85D HVHM41 DP47/JH3a E1Q, L5V, E6Q, G16R, T28A, S53G, G55D, S56H, M108L HVHM81 DP47JH3a L5V, E6Q, G16R, S30D, S31D, S35H, A50G, G55A, E85G, V89L, K94R HVHP428 V3-49/JH4b E1Q, V2L, V5Q, R16G, T23A, G30S, D31S, T60A, G73D, K83R, T84A, V89M, T93A HVHP420 DP-38/JH4b E1Q, S35T, S52aT HVHP414 DP-38/JH3b E1D, E6Q, A23T, T28P, K52T, A60V HVHP423 V3-53/JH1 E1Q, V2M, E6Q, L11V, I12V, N32S, Y33R, V37F, K43M, K64R, T68S, V89L HVHP44B V3-53/JH1 E1Q, E6Q, N32S, Y33R, V37F, K43M, Y58S, K64R, T68S, V89L HVHP413 YAC-5/JH3b E1Q, E6Q, Q13K, V29F, S31D, N32Y, V50F HVHP426 8-1B/JH3b E1Q, E6Q, L11V, G16R, T28I, S30D, S31G, N32Y, Y33A, S35H, K43Q, I51T, Y52N, S53N, Y58S, L78V

TABLE 2 Biophysical characteristics of the human V_(H)s V_(H)/V_(H)H Exp.# (mg) K_(D) (μM) Trypsin resistance RE (%) HVHP44 8.2 1.3 ✓ 93 HVHB82 5.9 0.2 ✓ 71 HVHP421 5.5 1.0 ✓ 14 HVHP419 3.4 1.6 ✓ 84 HVHP430 6.4, 23.7 2.3 ✓ 88 HVHP429 3.4 1.3 ✓ 86 HVHM41 1.8 0.5 X 92 HVHM81 4.3 1.3 ✓ 87 HVHP428 3.1 1.8 ✓ 95 HVHP420 59.0  1.2 ✓ 92 HVHP414 11.8  1.6 ✓ 73 HVHP423 2.4, 62.1 3.0 ✓ 86 HVHP413 5.8 0.3 ✓ 52 HVHP426 6.3 0.8 ✓ 70 H11F9* ND 3.5 ND 95 H11B2* ND 2.0 ND 100 #expression yield per liter of bacterial culture *K_(D) s and RE s were determined against H11 scFv.

TABLE 3 Characteristics of the human V_(L)s Expression^(a) K_(D) Oligomerization V_(L) Subgroup mg μM state^(b) HVLP324 VκI 6.9 0.2, 0.01^(c) Monomer HVLP325 VκIII 6.2 1 Monomer/Aggregate HVLP335 VκIII 73.5 2 Monomer HVLP342 VκI 7.7 0.6, 0.04^(c) Monomer HVLP351 VκIII 8.9 2 Monomer HVLP364 VκIII 77.1 3 Monomer HVLP389 VλI 16.7 1 Monomer HVLP3103 VκIII 19.0 1 Monomer ^(a)Expression yield per liter of bacterial culture. ^(b)Oligomerization state was determined by gel filtration chromatography. ^(c)The smaller K_(D) values correspond to the binding of the of HVLP324 and HVLP342 to the high affinity sites on protein L.

TABLE 4 Kinetic and equilibrium constants for the bindings of HVHP328PTV2 and HVLP335PTV2 to protein A and L, respectively Pentabody HVHP328PTV2 HVLP335PTV2 k_(a) (M⁻¹s⁻¹) 4.3 × 10⁵  1.7 × 10⁶  k_(d) (s⁻¹) <1 × 10⁻³ <4 × 10⁻⁴  K_(D) (M) <2 × 10⁻⁹ <2 × 10⁻¹⁰ 

The invention claimed is:
 1. An antigen-binding V_(H) comprising a FR1 sequence of QLQLQESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFTFS (amino acids 1-30 of SEQ ID NO:16), a FR2 sequence of WFRQAPGKGLEVVVG (amino acids 36-49 of SEQ ID NO:16), a FR3 sequence of RFTISRDDSKSIAYLQMNSLRAEDTAMYYCAR (amino acids 69-100 of SEQ ID NO:16), and a FR4 sequence of WGQGTLVTVSS (amino acids 113-123 of SEQ ID NO:16).
 2. The antigen-binding V_(H) of claim 1, wherein the V_(H) is in a multimeric form.
 3. The antigen-binding V_(H) of claim 1, wherein the V_(H) is in a dimeric form.
 4. The antigen-binding V_(H) of claim 1, wherein V_(H) is in a trimeric form.
 5. The antigen-binding V_(H) of claim 1, wherein the V_(H) is in a pentameric form.
 6. The antigen-binding V_(H) of claim 1, which is aggregation resistant.
 7. An antigen-binding V_(H) comprising the FR1, FR2, FR3, and FR4 portion of SEQ ID NO:16 and one or more randomized CDR sequences, wherein one or more of CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 of SEQ ID NO:16 is replaced, respectively, with a randomized CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3.
 8. The antigen-binding V_(H) of claim 7, wherein CDR3 of SEQ ID NO:16 is replaced with a randomized CDR3, and the randomized CDR3 comprises 12 amino acid residues.
 9. A display library constructed by preparing nucleic acid sequences coding for the antigen-binding V_(H) of claim 1 or 2 and expressing the V_(H) so as to display the antigen-binding V_(H) sequence of claim 1 or
 7. 10. The display library of claim 9, wherein the library is a phage display library.
 11. The display library of claim 9, wherein the library is a ribosome display, ARM ribosome display, yeast display, bacterial cell display; or in vitro compartmentalization library.
 12. A method of screening the display library of claim 9, comprising panning the displayed V_(H) against a target molecule.
 13. A method for producing a V_(H) library, comprising: a) providing a nucleotide sequence encoding the antigen-binding V_(H) of claim 1; b) providing oligonucleotide sequences with randomized codons; c) incorporating the randomized oligonucleotides into the nucleotide sequence encoding the V_(H), such that one or more than one of the complementary determining regions is randomized, wherein one or more of CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 of SEQ ID NO.: 16 is replaced, respectively, with a randomized CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3; d) expressing the nucleotide sequences produced in step c); and e) screening the expressed sequences for binding to a target polypeptide.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the screening comprises panning against a target molecule. 